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2.19.5  Reduction Clauses and Directives

The reduction clauses are data-sharing attribute clauses that can be used to perform some forms of recurrence calculations in parallel. Reduction clauses include reduction scoping clauses and reduction participating clauses. Reduction scoping clauses define the region in which a reduction is computed. Reduction participating clauses define the participants in the reduction. Reduction clauses specify a reduction-identifier and one or more list items.

2.19.5.1 Properties Common To All Reduction Clauses

Syntax

The syntax of a reduction-identifier is defined as follows:

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A reduction-identifier is either an identifier or one of the following operators: +, -, *, &, |, ^, && and ||.

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A reduction-identifier is either an id-expression or one of the following operators: +, -, *, &, |, ^, && and ||.

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A reduction-identifier is either a base language identifier, or a user-defined operator, or one of the following operators: +, -, *, .and., .or., .eqv., .neqv., or one of the following intrinsic procedure names: max, min, iand, ior, ieor.

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Table 2.11 lists each reduction-identifier that is implicitly declared at every scope for arithmetic types and its semantic initializer value. The actual initializer value is that value as expressed in the data type of the reduction list item.


Table 2.11: Implicitly Declared C/C++ reduction-identifiers



Identifier Initializer Combiner



+ omp_priv = 0 omp_out += omp_in
- omp_priv = 0 omp_out += omp_in
* omp_priv = 1 omp_out *= omp_in
& omp_priv = ~ 0 omp_out &= omp_in
| omp_priv = 0 omp_out |= omp_in
^ omp_priv = 0 omp_out ^= omp_in
&& omp_priv = 1 omp_out = omp_in && omp_out
|| omp_priv = 0 omp_out = omp_in || omp_out
max omp_priv = Least representable number in the reduction list item type omp_out = omp_in > omp_out ? omp_in : omp_out
min omp_priv = Largest representable number in the reduction list item type omp_out = omp_in < omp_out ? omp_in : omp_out



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Table 2.12 lists each reduction-identifier that is implicitly declared for numeric and logical types and its semantic initializer value. The actual initializer value is that value as expressed in the data type of the reduction list item.


Table 2.12: Implicitly Declared Fortran reduction-identifiers



Identifier Initializer Combiner



+ omp_priv = 0 omp_out = omp_in + omp_out
- omp_priv = 0 omp_out = omp_in + omp_out
* omp_priv = 1 omp_out = omp_in * omp_out
.and. omp_priv = .true. omp_out = omp_in .and. omp_out
.or. omp_priv = .false. omp_out = omp_in .or. omp_out
.eqv. omp_priv = .true. omp_out = omp_in .eqv. omp_out
.neqv. omp_priv = .false. omp_out = omp_in .neqv. omp_out
max omp_priv = Least representable number in the reduction list item type omp_out = max(omp_in, omp_out)
min omp_priv = Largest representable number in the reduction list item type omp_out = min(omp_in, omp_out)
iand omp_priv = All bits on omp_out = iand(omp_in, omp_out)
ior omp_priv = 0 omp_out = ior(omp_in, omp_out)
ieor omp_priv = 0 omp_out = ieor(omp_in, omp_out)



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In the above tables, omp_in and omp_out correspond to two identifiers that refer to storage of the type of the list item. omp_out holds the final value of the combiner operation.

Any reduction-identifier that is defined with the declare reduction directive is also valid. In that case, the initializer and combiner of the reduction-identifier are specified by the initializer-clause and the combiner in the declare reduction directive.

DescriptionA reduction clause specifies a reduction-identifier and one or more list items. The reduction-identifier specified in a reduction clause must match a previously declared reduction-identifier of the same name and type for each of the list items. This match is done by means of a name lookup in the base language.

The list items that appear in a reduction clause may include array sections.

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If the type is a derived class, then any reduction-identifier that matches its base classes is also a match, if there is no specific match for the type.

If the reduction-identifier is not an id-expression, then it is implicitly converted to one by prepending the keyword operator (for example, + becomes operator+).

If the reduction-identifier is qualified then a qualified name lookup is used to find the declaration.

If the reduction-identifier is unqualified then an argument-dependent name lookup must be performed using the type of each list item.

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If the list item is an array or array section, it will be treated as if a reduction clause would be applied to each separate element of the array section.

If the list item is an array section, the elements of any copy of the array section will be allocated contiguously.

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If the original list item has the POINTER attribute, any copies of the list item are associated with private targets.

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Any copies associated with the reduction are initialized with the initializer value of the reduction-identifier.

Any copies are combined using the combiner associated with the reduction-identifier.

Execution Model Events The reduction-begin event occurs before a task begins to perform loads and stores that belong to the implementation of a reduction and the reduction-end event occurs after the task has completed loads and stores associated with the reduction. If a task participates in multiple reductions, each reduction may be bracketed by its own pair of reduction-begin/reduction-end events or multiple reductions may be bracketed by a single pair of events. The interval defined by a pair of reduction-begin/reduction-end events may not contain a task scheduling point.

Tool Callbacks A thread dispatches a registered ompt_callback_reduction with ompt_sync_region_reduction in its kind argument and ompt_scope_begin as its endpoint argument for each occurrence of a reduction-begin event in that thread. Similarly, a thread dispatches a registered ompt_callback_reduction with ompt_sync_region_reduction in its kind argument and ompt_scope_end as its endpoint argument for each occurrence of a reduction-end event in that thread. These callbacks occur in the context of the task that performs the reduction and has the type signature ompt_callback_sync_region_t.

RestrictionsThe restrictions common to reduction clauses are as follows:

Cross References

2.19.5.2 Reduction Scoping Clauses

Reduction scoping clauses define the region in which a reduction is computed by tasks or SIMD lanes. All properties common to all reduction clauses, which are defined in Section 2.19.5.1 on page 873, apply to reduction scoping clauses.

The number of copies created for each list item and the time at which those copies are initialized are determined by the particular reduction scoping clause that appears on the construct.

The time at which the original list item contains the result of the reduction is determined by the particular reduction scoping clause.

The location in the OpenMP program at which values are combined and the order in which values are combined are unspecified. Therefore, when comparing sequential and parallel runs, or when comparing one parallel run to another (even if the number of threads used is the same), there is no guarantee that bitwise-identical results will be obtained or that side effects (such as floating-point exceptions) will be identical or take place at the same location in the OpenMP program.

To avoid data races, concurrent reads or updates of the original list item must be synchronized with the update of the original list item that occurs as a result of the reduction computation.

2.19.5.3 Reduction Participating Clauses

A reduction participating clause specifies a task or a SIMD lane as a participant in a reduction defined by a reduction scoping clause. All properties common to all reduction clauses, which are defined in Section 2.19.5.1 on page 873, apply to reduction participating clauses.

Accesses to the original list item may be replaced by accesses to copies of the original list item created by a region that corresponds to a construct with a reduction scoping clause.

In any case, the final value of the reduction must be determined as if all tasks or SIMD lanes that participate in the reduction are executed sequentially in some arbitrary order.

2.19.5.4 reduction Clause

SummaryThe reduction clause specifies a reduction-identifier and one or more list items. For each list item, a private copy is created in each implicit task or SIMD lane and is initialized with the initializer value of the reduction-identifier. After the end of the region, the original list item is updated with the values of the private copies using the combiner associated with the reduction-identifier.

Syntax  

 
reduction([ reduction-modifier,]reduction-identifier : list)  

Where reduction-identifier is defined in Section 2.19.5.1 on page 873, and reduction-modifier is one of the following:  

 
inscan 
task 
default  

DescriptionThe reduction clause is a reduction scoping clause and a reduction participating clause, as described in Section 2.19.5.2 on page 884 and Section 2.19.5.3 on page 884. If reduction-modifier is not present or the defaultreduction-modifier is present, the behavior is as follows. For parallel and worksharing constructs, one or more private copies of each list item are created for each implicit task, as if the private clause had been used. For the simd construct, one or more private copies of each list item are created for each SIMD lane, as if the private clause had been used. For the taskloop construct, private copies are created according to the rules of the reduction scoping clauses. For the teams construct, one or more private copies of each list item are created for the initial task of each team in the league, as if the private clause had been used. For the loop construct, private copies are created and used in the construct according to the description and restrictions in Section 2.19.3 on page 827. At the end of a region that corresponds to a construct for which the reduction clause was specified, the original list item is updated by combining its original value with the final value of each of the private copies, using the combiner of the specified reduction-identifier.

If the inscanreduction-modifier is present, a scan computation is performed over updates to the list item performed in each logical iteration of the loop associated with the worksharing-loop, worksharing-loop SIMD, or simd construct (see Section 2.9.6 on page 376). The list items are privatized in the construct according to the description and restrictions in Section 2.19.3 on page 827. At the end of the region, each original list item is assigned the value of the private copy from the last logical iteration of the loops associated with the construct.

If the taskreduction-modifier is present for a parallel or worksharing construct, then each list item is privatized according to the description and restrictions in Section 2.19.3 on page 827, and an unspecified number of additional private copies are created to support task reductions. Any copies associated with the reduction are initialized before they are accessed by the tasks that participate in the reduction, which include all implicit tasks in the corresponding region and all participating explicit tasks that specify an in_reduction clause (see Section 2.19.5.6 on page 897). After the end of the region, the original list item contains the result of the reduction.

If nowait is not specified for the construct, the reduction computation will be complete at the end of the construct; however, if the reduction clause is used on a construct to which nowait is also applied, accesses to the original list item will create a race and, thus, have unspecified effect unless synchronization ensures that they occur after all threads have executed all of their iterations or section constructs, and the reduction computation has completed and stored the computed value of that list item. This can most simply be ensured through a barrier synchronization.

RestrictionsThe restrictions to the reduction clause are as follows:

Cross References

2.19.5.5 task_reduction Clause

SummaryThe task_reduction clause specifies a reduction among tasks.

Syntax  

 
task_reduction(reduction-identifier : list)  

Where reduction-identifier is defined in Section 2.19.5.1.

DescriptionThe task_reduction clause is a reduction scoping clause, as described in 2.19.5.2. For each list item, the number of copies is unspecified. Any copies associated with the reduction are initialized before they are accessed by the tasks participating in the reduction. After the end of the region, the original list item contains the result of the reduction.

RestrictionsThe restrictions to the task_reduction clause are as follows:

2.19.5.6 in_reduction Clause

SummaryThe in_reduction clause specifies that a task participates in a reduction.

Syntax  

 
in_reduction(reduction-identifier : list)  

where reduction-identifier is defined in Section 2.19.5.1 on page 873.

DescriptionThe in_reduction clause is a reduction participating clause, as described in Section 2.19.5.3 on page 884. For a given a list item, the in_reduction clause defines a task to be a participant in a task reduction that is defined by an enclosing region for a matching list item that appears in a task_reduction clause or a reduction clause with the task modifier, where either:

1.
The matching list item has the same storage location as the list item in the in_reduction clause; or
2.
A private copy, derived from the matching list item, that is used to perform the task reduction has the same storage location as the list item in the in_reduction clause.

For the task construct, the generated task becomes the participating task. For each list item, a private copy may be created as if the private clause had been used.

For the target construct, the target task becomes the participating task. For each list item, a private copy will be created in the data environment of the target task as if the private clause had been used, and this private copy will be implicitly mapped into the device data environment of the target device.

At the end of the task region, if a private copy was created its value is combined with a copy created by a reduction scoping clause or with the original list item.

RestrictionsThe restrictions to the in_reduction clause are as follows:

2.19.5.7 declare reduction Directive

SummaryThe following section describes the directive for declaring user-defined reductions. The declare reduction directive declares a reduction-identifier that can be used in a reduction clause. The declare reduction directive is a declarative directive.

Syntax

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#pragma omp declare reduction(reduction-identifier : typename-list : 
combiner )[initializer-clause] new-line  

where:

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#pragma omp declare reduction(reduction-identifier : typename-list : 
combiner) [initializer-clause] new-line  

where:

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!$omp declare reduction(reduction-identifier : type-list : combiner) 
[initializer-clause]  

where:

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DescriptionCustom reductions can be defined using the declare reduction directive; the reduction-identifier and the type identify the declare reduction directive. The reduction-identifier can later be used in a reduction clause that uses variables of the type or types specified in the declare reduction directive. If the directive applies to several types then it is considered as if there were multiple declare reduction directives, one for each type.

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If a type with deferred or assumed length type parameter is specified in a declare reduction directive, the reduction-identifier of that directive can be used in a reduction clause with any variable of the same type and the same kind parameter, regardless of the length type Fortran parameters with which the variable is declared.

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The visibility and accessibility of this declaration are the same as those of a variable declared at the same point in the program. The enclosing context of the combiner and of the initializer-expr is that of the declare reduction directive. The combiner and the initializer-expr must be correct in the base language as if they were the body of a function defined at the same point in the program.

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If the reduction-identifier is the same as the name of a user-defined operator or an extended operator, or the same as a generic name that is one of the allowed intrinsic procedures, and if the operator or procedure name appears in an accessibility statement in the same module, the accessibility of the corresponding declare reduction directive is determined by the accessibility attribute of the statement.

If the reduction-identifier is the same as a generic name that is one of the allowed intrinsic procedures and is accessible, and if it has the same name as a derived type in the same module, the accessibility of the corresponding declare reduction directive is determined by the accessibility of the generic name according to the base language.

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The declare reduction directive can also appear at points in the program at which a static data member could be declared. In this case, the visibility and accessibility of the declaration are the same as those of a static data member declared at the same point in the program.

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The combiner specifies how partial results can be combined into a single value. The combiner can use the special variable identifiers omp_in and omp_out that are of the type of the variables that this reduction-identifier reduces. Each of them will denote one of the values to be combined before executing the combiner. The special omp_out identifier refers to the storage that holds the resulting combined value after executing the combiner.

The number of times that the combiner is executed, and the order of these executions, for any reduction clause is unspecified.

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If the combiner is a subroutine name with an argument list, the combiner is evaluated by calling the subroutine with the specified argument list.

If the combiner is an assignment statement, the combiner is evaluated by executing the assignment statement.

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As the initializer-expr value of a user-defined reduction is not known a priori the initializer-clause can be used to specify one. Then the contents of the initializer-clause will be used as the initializer for private copies of reduction list items where the omp_priv identifier will refer to the storage to be initialized. The special identifier omp_orig can also appear in the initializer-clause and it will refer to the storage of the original variable to be reduced.

The number of times that the initializer-expr is evaluated, and the order of these evaluations, is unspecified.

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If the initializer-expr is a function name with an argument list, the initializer-expr is evaluated by calling the function with the specified argument list. Otherwise, the initializer-expr specifies how omp_priv is declared and initialized.

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If no initializer-clause is specified, the private variables will be initialized following the rules for initialization of objects with static storage duration.

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If no initializer-expr is specified, the private variables will be initialized following the rules for default-initialization.

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If the initializer-expr is a subroutine name with an argument list, the initializer-expr is evaluated by calling the subroutine with the specified argument list.

If the initializer-expr is an assignment statement, the initializer-expr is evaluated by executing the assignment statement.

If no initializer-clause is specified, the private variables will be initialized as follows:

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If reduction-identifier is used in a target region then a declare target construct must be specified for any function that can be accessed through the combiner and initializer-expr.

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If reduction-identifier is used in a target region then a declare target construct must be specified for any function or subroutine that can be accessed through the combiner and initializer-expr.

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Restrictions

Cross References